Methods for controlling sex of oviparous embryos using light sources

ABSTRACT

The sex of embryos in eggs is influenced or controlled through the application of light having selected wavelengths in order to promote the development of embryos of a selected sex. An incubating device is provided having an interior cavity that can be sealed from an outside, and having a plurality of lighting elements in the interior cavity. Eggs are disposed in the interior cavity, and pre-determined environmental conditions are applied to the interior cavity to promote hatching of the eggs. Concurrently with the application of the environmental conditions, the eggs are irradiated according to pre-determined lighting conditions. The lighting conditions include applying light having wavelengths substantially concentrated in selected ranges, such as light wavelengths within the 440-460 nm, or other narrow range.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application claims priority from U.S. Provisional PatentApplication No. 61/984,108, filed on Apr. 25, 2014, and is acontinuation-in-part of U.S. application Ser. No. 14/103,798, filed onDec. 11, 2013, which claims priority from U.S. Provisional PatentApplication No. 61/735,786, filed on Dec. 11, 2012; U.S. ProvisionalPatent Application No. 61/746,475, filed on Dec. 27, 2012; U.S.Provisional Patent Application No. 61/759,536 filed on Feb. 1, 2013,U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 61/802,826 filed on Mar. 18,2013; U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 61/813,905 filed on Apr.19, 2013; and U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 61/845,466 filedon Jul. 12, 2013, the disclosures of which are incorporated herein intheir entireties.

TECHNICAL FIELD

This disclosure relates to controlling the sex of avians, fish, or otheroviparous animals at the embryonic stage. More specifically, thisdisclosure is directed to applying selected wavelengths of light and/orelectromagnetic radiation to eggs in order to influence the sex ofembryos within the eggs.

BACKGROUND

While sex (or gender) in higher vertebrates is determined atfertilization, sex determining genes in chicken become active at a laterstage during embryogenesis to induce the formation of testes or ovaries.This has led to the long-standing belief that much of the underlyinggenetic pathway is conserved through the later stage of embryogenesis.However, comparative studies on sex determination in the chicken embryohave revealed both conserved and divergent elements in the pathway. Forexample, the gonads of chicken embryos are morphologicallyindistinguishable between the sexes, and thus “indifferent” or“bipotential,” at days 3.5-4.5.

In the poultry and other animal-production markets, including but notlimited to chickens, turkeys, and the like, the ability to control oraffect the sex of the animals would greatly enhance the production andefficiency of production. For example, in egg laying operations onlyhens or females are desired. Thus, when a flock of avian is born, onlyfemale avians are retained and often male avians are euthanized orotherwise disposed of. Because males and females are born at anapproximate 50/50 sex ratio, approximately half of all avian born atsuch operations are thus lost and unproductive or provide diminishedproduction.

A need thus exists for controlling, promoting, or otherwise influencingthe sex of the avians before hatching in order to selectively producemore male or female avians, and thereby increase production and decreasewaste and costs. A need also exist for robust cost effective lightingfixtures that can achieve such results.

SUMMARY

The teachings herein alleviate one or more of the above noted problemswith established incubation methods, by enabling the sex of embryos ineggs to be influenced or controlled through the application of lighthaving selected wavelengths.

According to one aspect of the disclosure, a method is provided forpromoting production of larvae of a selected sex of an aquatic animal. Aplurality of larvae of an aquatic animal are provided in a volume ofwater, and the plurality of larvae are irradiated with light having aspectrum substantially concentrated within a predetermined range ofwavelengths to promote production of the selected sex in the egg.

The predetermined range of wavelengths may be 440-460 nm.

The production of male larvae may be promoted.

According to another aspect of the disclosure, an aquarium systemincludes a tank and a lighting device. The tank has adjoining wallsforming an interior cavity for holding a volume of water. The lightingdevice is positioned to emit light having a predetermined spectrumsubstantially concentrated within the interior cavity at apre-determined lighting intensity and according to a predeterminedschedule to irradiate larvae within the volume of water with the lighthaving the predetermined spectrum to promote production of the selectedsex in the larvae.

The lighting device may be of a size and a shape to engage the adjoiningwalls to retain the lighting elements in spaced relationship to waterwithin the body.

The lighting device may have a clear cover to prevent the lightingelements from being exposed to water.

Additional advantages and novel features will be set forth in part inthe description which follows, and in part will become apparent to thoseskilled in the art upon examination of the following and theaccompanying drawings or may be learned by production or operation ofthe examples. The advantages of the present teachings may be realizedand attained by practice or use of various aspects of the methodologies,instrumentalities and combinations set forth in the detailed examplesdiscussed below.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The drawing figures depict one or more implementations in accord withthe present teachings, by way of example only, not by way of limitation.In the figures, like reference numerals refer to the same or similarelements.

FIGS. 1A, 1B, 1C, and 1D are schematic diagrams of an incubating devicein accordance with the inventive concepts described herein.

FIG. 2 is a flow diagram showing steps of a method for controlling thesex of oviparous embryos using light sources.

FIG. 3 is an aquarium system for controlling or determining the sex ofaquatic life.

FIG. 4 is a lighting device for an aquarium system for controlling ordetermining the sex of aquatic life.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

In the following detailed description, numerous specific details are setforth by way of examples in order to provide a thorough understanding ofthe relevant teachings. However, it should be apparent to those skilledin the art that the present teachings may be practiced without suchdetails. In other instances, well known methods, procedures, components,and/or circuitry have been described at a relatively high-level, withoutdetail, in order to avoid unnecessarily obscuring aspects of the presentteachings.

The various systems and methods disclosed herein relate to controllingor influencing the sex of embryos in eggs in order to promote thedevelopment of embryos of a selected sex.

The systems and methods rely on the application of light having selectedwavelengths to incubated eggs in order to influence the sex ratios ofembryos in development within the eggs. The systems include anincubating device having an interior cavity in which lighting elementsemitting light having the selected wavelengths are mounted. The lightingelements are mounted on trays designed to hold the eggs, such that lightemitted by the lighting elements irradiates the eggs. The lightingelements illuminate the eggs during an early incubation period, andthereby promote the production of eggs of a selected sex.

Various studies have been performed on sex-determination in avians. Inone study, the localization of P450 (17-alpha) and P450 aromatase(P450arom) mRNA expression was studied in the gonads of chicken embryosat days 4-9. The first detection of P450 (17-alpha) mRNA was at days 5-6of incubation in the genetic male and female gonads, and the firstdetection of P450arom at day 6.5 in the female gonad with none in themale gonad. Thus sex determination in chickens appears not to occuruntil several days after incubation.

Further, estrogen synthesis plays a critical role in avian sexdetermination. The two terminal enzymes necessary for estrogensynthesis, P-450 aromatase and 17βHSD are expressed only in ZW (female)gonads at the onset of morphological differentiation (day 6-6.5).Aromatase and 17βHSD are therefore the key sexually dimorphiccomponents.

Enzyme synthesis is very sensitive to environmental stimuli. One knownenvironmental stimuli is temperature, as observed intemperature-dependent sex determination (TSD). TSD is a type ofenvironmental sex determination in which the temperatures experiencedduring embryonic development determine the sex of the offspring. It ismost prevalent and common among amniote vertebrates that are classifiedunder the reptile class. For that matter, studies have shown thatincreased incubation temperature in very specific H&H stages (a seriesof normal stages in the development of the chick embryo as provided byHamburger V, Hamilton HL Dev. Dyn. 1992 December, 195(4): 231-272)changes the gender of poultry; however, such increase in temperaturecauses a decrease in hatchability to the point where such a genderchange is not economically beneficial.

Specific wavelengths of light are known to cause photoisomerization suchthat enzymatic activity can be effectively controlled by wavelength oflight. In particular a recent study showed that restrictionendonucleases could be used as a molecular scissors to cut thephosphodiester bond to generate a double stranded break. In this mannerthe catalytic activity of the orthodox restriction endonuclease PvuII bylight was provided.

Additionally, research has shown that by using RNA interference toreduce DMRT1 (doublesex-mab-3-related transcription factor 1) proteinexpression leads to feminization of the embryonic gonads in geneticallymale embryos causing partial sex reversal. DMRT1 has a zinc finger corewhich may absorb near UV light (e.g., light having a wavelength ofapproximately 430 nm, such as light having wavelengths in the 410 nm-430nm range), and may thereby similarly reduce DMRT1 protein expression.Thus, the resulting lower levels of DMRT1 lead to fewer male offspringand more female offspring.

Reference now is made in detail to the examples illustrated in theaccompanying drawings and discussed below.

FIG. 1A show an incubating device 10 that has a body 12. In theillustrative embodiment of FIG. 1A, the body 12 has a generallyrectangular cuboid shape having first and second sidewalls 14 and 16parallel to each other. The first and second sidewalls 14 and 16 areconnected to and orthogonal to top and bottom walls 18 and 20 that arethemselves in parallel to each other. A back wall 22 defines a hollowinterior cavity 24 of the body 12. A front wall or door 26 is hingedlyconnected to one of the sidewalls 14 and 16 to allow access to theinterior cavity 24 of the body 12, while also enabling the interiorcavity 24 to be isolated from the outside environment when the door 26is closed. In some examples, the door 26 is made of a transparentmaterial and/or includes a window to allow a user to view the interiorcavity 24 while the door 26 is closed. In other examples, the door 26completely encloses the interior cavity 24. The door 26 may further beformed of one-way window such that a user can view the interior cavity24 from outside, while light from outside of the cavity 24 does notenter the cavity 24 through the window. The body 12 generally shieldsthe inside of the incubating device 10 and eggs located in theincubating device 10 from radiation, including light, that is presentoutside of the incubating device 10.

A plurality of holding members or trays 28 are disposed within theinterior cavity 24. The trays 28 are configured to receive and stablyhold a plurality of eggs 30. As shown, each tray 28 can include aplurality of slots, holes 35, or other cups each configured to stablyhold one egg. The trays 28 are mounted to the interior of the body 12.In some examples, the trays 28 are mounted on one or more actuators thatenable the trays 28 to move with respect to the body 12. In one example,each tray 28 is mounted on a rotatable axle 37 mounted to and controlledby a rotational actuator 39 (see FIG. 1B). The actuator 39 is itselfmounted to the body 12, and is operative to move the trays 28 withrespect to the body 12. The actuator may continuously or periodicallymove the trays 28 having the eggs 30 disposed thereon. In the oneexample, the actuator 39 is operative to rotate the tray between ahorizontal position (as shown) and angled positions in the clockwise andcounter-clockwise directions. The angled positions may correspond toangles measured from the horizontal, and may range between 0° and amaximum angle (e.g., 15° or 30°). The maximum angle is generallyselected such that even when the tray is rotated to the maximum angle,any eggs 30 disposed on the tray 28 are not dislodged from their slots,holes 35, or cups.

The eggs 30 can be of any avian species, including, but not limited tochicken eggs, turkey eggs, and the like. Reptilian and other species'eggs may also be used. The trays 28 rotate or tilt to various angles inresponse to actuators 39 to simulate the movement the egg wouldencounter in nature, for example as the egg is laid upon by a hen orsubject to other environmental conditions.

FIG. 1C provides a detailed top view of a tray 28, while FIG. 1Dprovides a cross-sectional view through multiple trays 28. Note that insome embodiments, the top and bottom views of a tray 28 aresubstantially identical, and in such embodiments a bottom view of a tray28 may thus be substantially identical to the view shown in FIG. 1C.

As shown in FIGS. 1C and 1D, a plurality of lighting elements 32 aredisposed on one or both surfaces of each tray 28. In one example, thelighting elements 32 are disposed only on an underside of each tray 28.In another example, the lighting elements 32 are disposed only on anupper surface of each tray 28 (corresponding to a surface on which theeggs 30 are disposed). In other examples, the lighting elements 32 aredisposed on both the underside and the upper surface of each tray 28, asshown in FIG. 1D. Lighting elements 32 can additionally or alternativelybe disposed on surfaces of the body 12 (e.g., surfaces of the interiorcavity 24), or other locations from which light and/or radiation emittedby the lighting elements 32 reaches the eggs 30.

In general, the lighting elements 32 are disposed such that they canprovide a high lighting intensity to each egg 30 disposed in theincubating device 10. The lighting elements 32 may thus be disposed inclose proximity to the slots, holes 35, or cups holding the eggs 30, asshown in FIGS. 1C and 1D. Further, the lighting elements 32 are disposedsuch that light emitted by the elements 32 can reach all orsubstantially all surfaces of each egg 30. Hence, as shown in FIG. 1D,an egg 30 can receive light emitted by the elements 32 from all sides.The trays 28 and of the slits, holes 35, or cups for holding the eggs 30can also be designed so as to enable substantially all surfaces of eachegg 30 to receive light.

The lighting elements 32 are electrically connected to one another andto an electrical power source 33 (shown in FIG. 1B). In a preferredembodiment the plurality of lighting elements 32 are light emittingdiode (LED) elements that receive an AC voltage and/or AC currentwaveform at their terminals for activation. In particular, the assemblyformed of the lighting elements 32 and power source 33 can incorporateAC driven LED technology from any one of the following patentapplications: U.S. Pat. Pub. No. 2011/0101883 to Grajcar; U.S. Pat. Pub.No. 2011/0109244 to Grajcar; U.S. Pat. Pub. No. 2011/0210678 to Grajcar;U.S. Pat. Pub. No. 2011/0228515 to Grajcar; U.S. Pat. Pub. No.2011/0241559 to Grajcar; U.S. Pat. Pub. No. 2011/0273098 to Grajcar;U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/452,332 to Grajcar; and/or U.S. Pat.Prov. Appl. No. 61/570,552 to Grajcar, which are all incorporated intheir entirety herein.

The incubating device 10 can include various systems for controllingconditions within the interior cavity 24 of the device 10. FIG. 1B is ablock diagram of some systems operative to control environmental andother conditions within the interior cavity 24. As shown in FIG. 1B, theincubating device 10 can thus include a heater 38 and/or cooler forcontrolling a temperature in the interior cavity 24, and/or a humidifier36 and/or de-humidifier for controlling a level of moisture in theinterior cavity 24. An optional magnetic field source 40 can further beused to apply a constant and/or time-varying magnetic field or fluxwithin the interior cavity 24 in response to an excitation currentapplied to the source 40. In embodiments including a magnetic fieldsource 40, the walls of the body 12 and/or the interior walls of thecavity 24 may provide magnetic shielding and provide a return path forthe magnetic field or flux applied to the cavity 24. Tray actuators 39may further be mounted to the trays 28 so as to be operative tocontinually or periodically move, rotate, or shake the trays 28. Asnoted previously, the incubating device further includes lightingelements 32 configured to emit light and/or other radiation forapplication to eggs 30 disposed in the interior cavity 24. Each of thesystems receives power for operation from power source 33.

A controller 31 is operative to operate the systems operative to controlenvironmental and other conditions within the interior cavity 24. Thecontroller 31 can activate and de-activate each system, and can furtherregulate the operation of the systems to reach a pre-determinedtemperature, humidity, magnetic field or flux, or the like. Thecontroller 31 may include or be electrically coupled to sensors (notshown) located in the interior cavity 24 and providing the controller 31with information on current environmental conditions includingtemperature, humidity, and the like. In some embodiments, the controller31 includes a clock and is operative to control the systems according toa pre-determined schedule. The controller 31 may thus operate thesystems on a periodic basis (e.g., by repeating an activation patterneach day), or on another time-varying basis (e.g., by activating thesystems according to different patterns on each day of incubation).

A lighting controller 34 is operative to control operation of thelighting elements 32. The lighting controller 34 can be separate fromthe controller 31 (as shown), or the lighting controller 34 can beintegrated within the controller 31. The lighting controller 34 isoperative to control the intensity and wavelength of light emitted byeach lighting element 32. The lighting controller 34 can furtheractivate and/or dim the lighting elements 32 on a continuous or on atime-varying basis (e.g., a periodic or an aperiodic basis), asdescribed in further detail below.

The lighting controller 34 can operate the lighting elements 32 inunison, such that all lighting elements are synchronously activated andde-activated, and/or such that all lighting elements are activated witha same lighting intensity or dimming. Alternatively, the lightingcontroller 34 can operate different sets of lighting elements 32differently, for example to cause a first set of lighting elements 32 tobe activated for a particular period of time (and/or at a particularintensity level) and cause a second set of lighting elements 32 to beactivated for a different period of time (and/or a different intensitylevel).

In some embodiments, the lighting controller 34 is operative to controla wavelength of light emitted by the lighting elements 32. Inparticular, the plurality of lighting elements 32 may include multiplesets of lighting elements 32 each operative to produce light having adifferent wavelength. For example, the plurality of lighting elements 32can include a first set of lighting elements operative to produce lighthaving a wavelength within a first range of wavelengths (e.g., 410-450nm, 450-495 nm, or other narrow wavelength range), and a second set oflighting elements operative to produce light having a wavelength withina second range of wavelengths (e.g., 410-450 nm, 450-495 nm, or othernarrow wavelength range) different from and non-overlapping with thefirst range. Note that a light sources is operative to produce lighthaving a spectrum substantially concentrated within the specified rangeof wavelength (e.g., 410-450 nm, 450-495 nm, or other narrow wavelengthrange) when over 90% or over 95% of the lighting energy emitted by thelight source is within the specified narrow range of wavelengths. Insome examples, the light source may thus also emit a small amount oflight (e.g., less than 10%, or less than 5% of lighting energy) outsideof the specified range. The plurality of lighting elements 32 canfurther include additional sets of lighting elements operative toproduce light having other wavelengths. The lighting controller 34 isoperative to control each set of lighting elements 23 separately, andcan thereby adjust the range of wavelengths of light that is emitted bythe plurality of lighting elements 23 by selectively activating thedifferent sets of lighting elements 23 at respective lightingintensities.

In general, the eggs disposed inside of the incubating device 10 areshielded from light and other radiation that is present outside of theincubating device 10. As a result of the shielding, including theshielding provided by the incubating device 10, the eggs 30 maytherefore be only exposed (or substantially only exposed) to the rangeof wavelengths of light emitted by the lighting elements 23 in theincubating device 10 that are activated during the incubating period.Furthermore, the lighting controller 34 may be operative to ensure thatno lighting elements 23 producing light with wavelengths substantiallyconcentrated outside of the specified range are activated during theincubation period, or during the period in which the specified range ofwavelengths are applied to the eggs.

For example, in region ‘r’ of tray 28 shown in FIG. 1C, two differentsets of lighting elements 32 are provided: a first set of lightingelements 32 a is operative to emit light within one range ofwavelengths, while a second set of light elements 32 b is operative toemit light within another range of wavelengths. The lighting controller34 is operative to separately control the sets of lighting elements 32 aand 32 b such that each set can be activated at a different time andwith a different intensity than other sets of lighting elements.Different sets of lighting elements can similarly be provided on therest of the tray 28 outside of region ‘r’, including on another surfaceof tray 28.

In one embodiment, the plurality of lighting element 32 includeslighting elements 32 emitting blue wavelength (450-495 nm) light,ultraviolet light, or electromagnetic radiation. The lighting elements32 are controlled by lighting controller 34 that is operative to dim theintensity of the light so as to reduce the intensity to less than 3lumens. Thus, a constant low intensity wavelength light is emittedthroughout the interior cavity 24. The light can be of a narrowfrequency or monochromatic to direct the exact wavelength of lightdesired. In addition, while described as low intensity, a higherintensity wavelength of light can be provided if needed by thecontroller 34. Further, in the embodiment where LED elements areutilized as lighting elements 32 because of the properties of LEDlighting elements, the lights can be left on for long durations of time.

In the same or another embodiment, the plurality of lighting elements 32includes lighting elements 32 emitting light have wavelengths rangingfrom 410-450 nm. The lighting elements 32 further are controlled by thelighting controller 34 that is operative to dim the intensity of thelight so as to reduce the intensity to less than 3 lumens. Thus, aconstant low intensity wavelength light is emitted through the interiorcavity 24. In addition, while described as low intensity, a higherintensity wavelength of light can be provided if needed by thecontroller 34.

While the intensity of the light can be reduced to less than 3 lumens,the intensity of the light similarly can be increased to outputs of 800lumens, 1000 lumens, or more. Similarly, while light duration can be forlong periods of time such as days, weeks, or months, the durationbetween light and dark periods can also be controlled to a precision ofhours, minutes, seconds, and even milliseconds by the lightingcontroller 34.

In other embodiments, the plurality of lighting elements 32 includes ona same tray 28 lighting elements emitting electromagnetic radiation andlight in the ultraviolet/blue wavelength range, as well as lightingelements emitting light in the red wavelength range.

The humidifier 36 is also associated with the interior cavity 24 and ispreferably attached to the top wall 18. The humidifier 36 has a tubingelement that can increase the humidity level within the interior cavity24 when the door 26 is closed. The humidifier 36 can include a waterinput port for receiving water. In this manner, the humidity within theinterior cavity 24 can be controlled to provide any relative humidityfrom 0% humidity to 100% humidity, such that the humidity with theinterior cavity 24 is pre-determined. Preferably the humidity ismaintained within a range of 50%-80% humidity. In some examples, adehumidifier can also be used to maintain humidity within thepre-determined range.

The heater 38 is also electrically connected to the power source 33, andis disposed within the interior cavity 24 to provide a predeterminedamount of heat within the interior cavity. Preferably, the interiorcavity 24 of the incubation device 10 is kept at a temperature ofbetween 90 and 110 degrees Fahrenheit during incubation.

In one embodiment, the magnetic field source 40 is associated with theincubating device 10, and is mounted within the interior cavity 24 toform a predetermined magnetic flux through or affecting eggs 30 disposedin the cavity 24.

FIG. 2 is a flow diagram showing steps of a method 200 for controllingthe sex of oviparous embryos using light sources. The method can beperformed using an incubating device such as incubating device 10, orusing any other appropriate device.

Method 200 begins with step 201 in which lighting elements (e.g.,lighting elements 23, such as LEDs) are disposed along egg supporttrays. In embodiments in which incubating device 10 is used, the eggsupport trays are trays 28. Lighting elements can be mounted on the eggsupport trays as shown in FIGS. 1C and 1D, including on upper and/orlower surfaces of the egg support trays. Alternatively or additionally,lighting elements can be mounted on side surfaces of the interior cavity24 so as to be disposed along the egg support trays and to illuminateupper and/or lower surfaces of the egg support trays. Lighting elementsmay emit light within a pre-determined wavelength range, and differentsets of lighting elements emitting light in different wavelength rangesmay be disposed along the support trays.

In step 203, eggs are disposed on the egg support trays alongside ofwhich the lighting elements have been disposed. In embodiments in whichincubating device 10 is used, the eggs 30 are disposed within slits,holes 35, or cups located on or in the trays 28 and configured to holdthe eggs 30 in place. The eggs are disposed so as to be spaced apart andevenly distributed on the egg support trays to ensure that light emittedby the lighting elements can reach substantially the entire outersurface of each egg 30.

Once the eggs are in place on the support trays, pre-determinedenvironmental conditions are applied to the eggs in step 205. Theenvironmental conditions can include pre-determined levels of humidityand temperature. The environmental conditions can further includeapplication of a magnetic field. The environmental conditions canadditionally include movement or actuation, for example provided by trayactuators 39 operative to rotate trays 28 on rotational axles 37. Ingeneral, the environmental conditions are applied according to apre-determined multi-day schedule, such that different environmentalconditions can be applied on different days and/or at different timesduring each day. The environmental conditions are generally selected topromote hatching of the plurality of eggs.

In addition to environmental conditions, pre-determined lightingconditions are applied to the eggs in step 207 during the application ofthe environmental conditions. The lighting conditions are selected topromote production of embryos of a selected sex in the eggs. Thelighting conditions can include pre-determined wavelengths of lightbeing provided to the eggs 30 by the lighting elements, andpre-determined lighting intensities being provided for each wavelength.The lighting conditions are generally applied according to a multi-dayschedule, such that different lighting conditions can be applied ondifferent days and/or at different times during each day in accordancewith environmental conditions applied over the multi-day schedule. Thelighting conditions can include irradiating the eggs 30 with lighthaving a spectrum substantially concentrated within a specified range ofwavelength (e.g., 410-450 nm, 450-495 nm, or other narrow wavelengthrange), such that over 90% or over 95% of the lighting energyirradiating the eggs is within the specified narrow range ofwavelengths. Note that the eggs may also receive a small amount of light(e.g., less than 10%, or less than 5% of lighting energy) outside of thespecified range.

Steps 205 and 207 may be repeatedly performed as adjustments to theenvironmental conditions and/or lighting conditions are determined andapplied to the eggs 30. When the incubation period of the eggs disposedon the support trays has expired, the eggs 30 and/or hatchlings from theeggs 30 are removed from the environment in step 209.

In operation, the pre-determining lighting conditions applied to theeggs in step 207 can be selected to control the sex of embryos containedin the eggs 30. For example, when an increase in the percentage offemale avian offspring, such as turkeys, is desired from a plurality ofeggs 30 or embryos, the eggs or embryos are illuminated by apredetermined electromagnetic radiation, UV, or blue light. Further, apredetermined humidity and magnetic field are also provided within theincubation device 10. As a result, enzymatic activity in the eggs iscontrolled in a reversible manner.

Specifically, the “P450” of P450 aromatase was derived from its spectralabsorption characteristics (Photonic 450 nm). If this molecule absorbslight it has to convert it to another form of energy. The absorbedenergy is not used to power a chemical reaction, nor converted toradiation. Thus heat, or possibly electron low to high spin transitionmust be the byproduct. This causes an enhancement or control of theenzyme converting potential male avian into female avian.

In another embodiment DMRT1 protein expression is reduced to cause sexreversal. Specifically, the eggs 30 are irradiated with near-UV light orblue light (e.g., light having a wavelength of approximately 430 nm,such as light having wavelengths substantially concentrated in the 410nm-450 nm range) during the first days of incubation (e.g., during days0-6 of incubation) to thereby reduce DMRT1 protein expression. Thus, thelower levels of DMRT1 in the eggs 30 resulting from the eggs 30 beingexposed to the near-UV light or the blue light leads to fewer maleoffspring and more female offspring developing in the eggs.

In this manner, wavelength of light can be used to control the synthesisof P-450 Aromatase or reduce DMRT1 protein expression and thus controlor divert the sex of avian during the fertilization period so thateither a larger percentage of female animals or a larger percentage ofmale animals result from incubation, as compared to a control group of aplurality of eggs that are not illuminated with the electromagneticradiation, UV, or blue light. In one embodiment, an increase of at least5% in the ratio of females to males is obtained relative to the ratiofound in a control group in which illumination in the specifiedwavelength range is not applied. In another embodiment, the increase isof at least 10% in the ratio of females to males among the illuminatedeggs relative to the ratio observed in control group eggs.

In particular, an experimental test was conducted using both fertilizedturkey eggs and fertilized chicken eggs. The eggs were placed in anincubating device such as incubating device 10 having lighting elements32 disposed on trays 28 surrounding the eggs during the incubationperiod. Specifically, LED lighting elements producing monochromatic bluelight at approximately 450 nm were mounted on the trays and used toilluminate the eggs during the incubation period for approximately thefirst 84 hours (3.5 days) of incubation. The incubation device 10 wasplaced in an environment such that only light from the lighting elements32 of trays 28 reached the eggs, and the eggs were placed in closeproximity to the lighting elements 32 within the incubation device.Prior to placement within the incubation device 10, the turkey eggs werestored at temperatures of approximately 40-50° F. for several hours andthen brought to room temperature before being placed into the incubatingdevice 10.

In the experimental test, the turkey eggs were first loaded into theincubating device 10 on the first day of incubation and the chicken eggswere added on the second day of incubation. The humidity, incubationtemperature in the device 10, and ambient room temperature outside ofthe device 10 were recorded during each day of incubation. The humiditywas kept at approximately 56%, and the incubation temperature at between98-100° F. The room temperature typically varied between 67° and 73° F.,though the room did reach temperatures in the 80°-90° F. range on a fewoccasions. After approximately three weeks of incubation, the eggs wereremoved from the incubating device, and the sex of the embryos in theeggs was determined.

During initial testing, the ratio of female turkey embryos to maleturkey embryos was determined to be approximately 2:1. In addition,during the initial test, numerous hermaphroditic turkey embryos werediscovered. Upon further analysis, the hermaphroditic turkeys weredetermined to be female, and a ratio of female turkey embryos to maleturkey embryos of 3:1 was obtained. This ratio is in sharp contrast toan approximately 1:1 ratio of females to males obtained for incubatedturkey eggs according to typical incubation methodologies in which thepre-determined lighting conditions described herein are not applied. Inaddition, the turkey eggs in the experiment had 100% hatchability, ascompared to hatchability levels of around 85% in the industry usingtypical incubation methodologies, thus showing that application of theblue wavelength light improves hatchability in avians such as turkeys.

For the chicken eggs, a number of the eggs sexed were determined to behermaphrodites. As evidenced by the 3:1 sex ratio observed among theturkey embryos and by the hermaphroditic chicken embryos, light can beused to control or influence the sex of embryos in eggs notably in avianspecies. While the experimental test used only blue light, applicationof other wavelengths of light including but not limited to ultraviolet,green, yellow, orange, red, and infrared light, can also be used tocontrol the sex of embryos in eggs to varying degrees.

According to preferred protocols, the eggs or embryos are illuminated instep 207 with light having a selected wavelength range (e.g., 390-419nm, 410-450 nm, 420-450 nm, 450-495 nm, or another appropriate range) atleast for a period of one hour per day during the first six-and-a-half(6.5) days of incubation. In one embodiment, the embryos are illuminatedfor at least one hour per day using light having the selectedwavelengths during the first three-and-a-half (3.5) or four-and-a-half(4.5) days of the incubation period. Alternatively, the embryos areilluminated with light having the selected wavelength range fortwenty-four (24) hours per day on days zero (0) through six-and-a-half(6.5) of incubation. Alternatively, other periods of illuminationapplied each day (or on another appropriate periodic basis) during thefirst six-and-a-half day period (6.5) of incubation is contemplated.

While different wavelengths of light can be used to increase the ratioof male-to-female or to increase the ratio of female-to-male avianembryos (as compared to control group ratios), similarly the intensityof light or lumen output applied to eggs can have an effect. Thus,depending on the avian species, whether turkey, chicken, duck, or thelike, the exact wavelength and intensity (e.g., amount or number oflumens) can be determined to optimize the increase in the percentage ofmales or females born from a plurality of eggs when using lighting ascompared to the percentage provided in a similar control situation (inwhich light of the selected wavelengths and intensity is not applied).

Similarly, the systems and methods described herein can be applied toeggs of other oviparous species, including fish, amphibians, reptiles,mammals, and the like. In one embodiment, lighting elements 32 are aplurality of underwater lighting apparatuses similar to those disclosedin U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/715,904 to Grajcar et al. whichis incorporated in full herein. The lighting elements 32 providedifferent wavelength of light to fish eggs located in their vicinity.The light is received by eggs of underwater life such as salmon, and isused to control the sex of the salmon or other species. In oneembodiment, light having a blue wavelength of approximately 450 nm isapplied to the eggs and causes an increase in the ratio of females tomales as compared to a control group to which such wavelengths of lightare not applied. Similarly, in another embodiment, light withwavelengths in the Soret band of visible absorption (from about 390nm-419 nm) causes an increase in the ratio of males to females, ascompared to a control group to which such wavelengths of light are notapplied. Other wavelengths of light may similarly be utilized andemitted to optimize effects and to take into account the effect of thelight traveling through water.

In an illustrative embodiment shown in FIGS. 3 and 4 where the sex ofaquatic life is to be controlled or determined, an aquarium system 510is provided having a tank 515 with adjoining walls 520 that form aninternal cavity 522 with an open top 525 in order to hold a volume ofwater and aquatic life 530, including larvae and eggs as is known in theart. A lighting device 535 is also provided having a body 540 of sizeand shape to engage the top surface of the adjoining sidewalls 520. Inone embodiment, the body 540 has a peripheral flange 545 that engagesthe adjoining sidewalls 520 so that the body 540 is disposed within thetank 515.

Similar to previous embodiments, a controller 550 is electricallyconnected to the lighting device 535 to actuate a plurality of lightingelements 32 a and 32 b on the lighting device 535. The lighting elements32 a and 32 b emit light in the 390 nm to 460 nm range causing thechemical reaction to either promote or inhibit DMRT1 production and thuscontrol or determine the sex of the aquatic life 530. Alternatively,approximately 390 nm-395 nm, 425 nm-430 nm and/or 450 nm wavelengthlight is provided by the first and second lighting elements 32 a and 32b respectfully. In other embodiments, a predetermined limited range of440-460 nm wavelengths is used. As before, the light in one embodimentis constant, but in other embodiments is intermittent providingalternating periods of light and dark with cycles or periods of lightbeing less than 1 second and even less than 3 ms before a cycle orperiod of dark that similarly can be less than 1 second or even lessthan 3 ms. A clear cover 555 extends over the lighting elements 32 a and32 b and in one embodiment is made of an acrylic material. The cover 555prevents water from being exposed to the lighting elements 32 a and 32 band/or driving circuitry (not shown) on the surface of the lightingdevice 535 adjacent water within the tank.

In operation the tank 515 is filled with water and has the aquatic lifesuch as larvae therein. The lighting device 535 is then placed over theopening in the tank 515. Optionally the walls 520 of the tank are madeof an opaque material so no light other than the light provided by thelighting device 535 is presented to the interior of the tank 515. Thecontroller 550 is then utilized to provide the desired predeterminedwavelength, intensity, and modulation of light from the lightingelements to illuminate the eggs during the incubation period.

In an experiment conducted on behalf of the applicant, tilapia larvaewas placed in a tank 515 and the lighting elements 32 a and 32 b of alighting device emitted light at a 450 nm wavelength (e.g., light havingwavelengths concentrated within a 440-460 nm range). One group wassubjected to the 450 nm treatment for five (5) days and another group tothe 450 nm treatment for forty-five (45) days. Both groups were thensexed to see if the approximate 50%-50% male to female ratio known innature would be shown. In the group exposed to 450 nm light for 45 days,out of seven (7) sampled, five (5) males were found, one (1) female andone (1) intersex (both organs present). For the group under the 450 nmtreatment for five (5) days, five (5) were sampled with four (4) malesand only one (1) female. Overall, for tilapia sampled of twelve (12)fish receiving 450 nm treatment, nine (9) were males, two (2) werefemales and one (1) was the unusual intersex. Thus, the tilapiaundergoing the 450 nm treatment had significantly more males thanfemales as their sex was controlled or determined to be male based onthe lighting device. Therefore by concentrating light of a predeterminedwavelength one can control or determine the sex of aquatic life 530.

In this embodiment, while the volume of water provided is in an aquariumsystem 510, a volume of water anywhere, including but not limited torivers, lakes, oceans and the like is also contemplated without fallingoutside the scope of this disclosure. In addition, other aquatic lifeother than tilapia is also contemplated by this disclosure and presentedin only an example of an experiment conducted.

Thus provided is a method and apparatus of accomplishing the same forcontrolling the sex of embryos including avian and fish (or otheraquatic) embryos. In particular, through the use of lighting assembliesthat preferably are AC driven LED lighting assemblies, differentwavelength and intensity light is provided to a plurality of avianembryos or fish (or other aquatic) embryos. Other influencers caninclude the exposure of the eggs to predetermined humidity and magneticproperties. As a result, the percentage of either males or females fromthe plurality of embryos is increased at least 5% as compared to embryosnot receiving such wavelength and intensity of light. Thus, for egglaying operations, the ratio of female animals obtained from a pluralityof eggs can be increased, maximizing the amount of egg layers obtainedfrom the plurality of eggs. This thereby decreases the number of aviansthat must be euthanized or lost, increasing efficiencies and maximizingprofits.

Unless otherwise stated, all measurements, values, ratings, positions,magnitudes, sizes, and other specifications that are set forth in thisspecification, including in the claims that follow, are approximate, notexact. They are intended to have a reasonable range that is consistentwith the functions to which they relate and with what is customary inthe art to which they pertain.

The scope of protection is limited solely by the claims that now follow.That scope is intended and should be interpreted to be as broad as isconsistent with the ordinary meaning of the language that is used in theclaims when interpreted in light of this specification and theprosecution history that follows and to encompass all structural andfunctional equivalents. Notwithstanding, none of the claims are intendedto embrace subject matter that fails to satisfy the requirement ofSections 101, 102, or 103 of the Patent Act, nor should they beinterpreted in such a way. Any unintended embracement of such subjectmatter is hereby disclaimed.

Except as stated immediately above, nothing that has been stated orillustrated is intended or should be interpreted to cause a dedicationof any component, step, feature, object, benefit, advantage, orequivalent to the public, regardless of whether it is or is not recitedin the claims.

It will be understood that the terms and expressions used herein havethe ordinary meaning as is accorded to such terms and expressions withrespect to their corresponding respective areas of inquiry and studyexcept where specific meanings have otherwise been set forth herein.Relational terms such as first and second and the like may be usedsolely to distinguish one entity or action from another withoutnecessarily requiring or implying any actual such relationship or orderbetween such entities or actions. The terms “comprises,” “comprising,”or any other variation thereof, are intended to cover a non-exclusiveinclusion, such that a process, method, article, or apparatus thatcomprises a list of elements does not include only those elements butmay include other elements not expressly listed or inherent to suchprocess, method, article, or apparatus. An element proceeded by “a” or“an” does not, without further constraints, preclude the existence ofadditional identical elements in the process, method, article, orapparatus that comprises the element.

The Abstract of the Disclosure is provided to allow the reader toquickly ascertain the nature of the technical disclosure. It issubmitted with the understanding that it will not be used to interpretor limit the scope or meaning of the claims. In addition, in theforegoing Detailed Description, it can be seen that various features aregrouped together in various embodiments for the purpose of streamliningthe disclosure. This method of disclosure is not to be interpreted asreflecting an intention that the claimed embodiments require morefeatures than are expressly recited in each claim. Rather, as thefollowing claims reflect, inventive subject matter lies in less than allfeatures of a single disclosed embodiment. Thus the following claims arehereby incorporated into the Detailed Description, with each claimstanding on its own as a separately claimed subject matter.

While the foregoing has described what are considered to be the bestmode and/or other examples, it is understood that various modificationsmay be made therein and that the subject matter disclosed herein may beimplemented in various forms and examples, and that the teachings may beapplied in numerous applications, only some of which have been describedherein. It is intended by the following claims to claim any and allapplications, modifications and variations that fall within the truescope of the present teachings.

What is claimed is:
 1. A method of promoting production of tilapialarvae of a selected sex, the method comprising: providing a pluralityof tilapia larvae in a volume of water; and irradiating the plurality oftilapia larvae with light having a spectrum substantially concentratedwithin a predetermined range of wavelengths based on the selected sexbeing promoted in the tilapia larvae, wherein the predetermined range isof 440-460 nm wavelengths.
 2. The method of promoting production oftilapia larvae of a selected sex according to claim 1, furthercomprising: selecting a range of wavelengths based on the sex beingpromoted in the tilapia larvae, wherein the predetermined range ofwavelengths with which the plurality of tilapia larvae are irradiated isthe range of wavelengths selected based on the sex being promoted. 3.The method of promoting production of tilapia larvae of a selected sexaccording to claim 1, further comprising: restricting light other thanthe irradiated light from reaching the tilapia larvae and the volume ofwater during the irradiating.
 4. A method of promoting an increase in asex ratio of larvae of a selected sex of an aquatic animal, the methodcomprising: providing a plurality of larvae in a volume of water;irradiating the plurality of larvae with light having a spectrumsubstantially concentrated within a range of wavelengths; and selectingthe range of wavelengths for the spectrum of light irradiating thelarvae based on the sex-ratio being promoted in the larvae, wherein theselected range of wavelengths is 440-460 nm.
 5. The method of promotingan increase in a sex ratio of larvae of a selected sex according toclaim 4, further comprising: restricting light other than the irradiatedlight from reaching the larvae and the volume of water during theirradiating.